KURNIAWAN, RESA ALIF (2025) PROTOTIPE UNIT SOLAR POWER SYSTEM (USPS) DENGAN INTEGRASI TITIK DAYA MAKSIMUM DAN MANAJEMEN BATERAI PADA SISTEM PANEL SURYA MANDIRI. S1 thesis, Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta.
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Abstract
The increasing demand for energy driven by population growth and industrialization is still largely met by fossil fuels, which have negative environmental impacts. Renewable Energy (RE), particularly solar energy, has emerged as a strategic solution in the transition toward a clean and sustainable energy system. Indonesia has significant potential for solar energy utilization through the photovoltaic effect in solar panels. However, the fluctuating output characteristics of solar panels, along with voltage drops when large loads are connected, require a control system capable of optimizing power generation while maintaining system stability and safety. This research focuses on the design and testing of a prototype Unit Solar Power System (USPS) based on a standalone solar panel integrated with the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm using the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method and a Battery Management System (BMS). The system is designed to enhance energy transfer efficiency from solar panels to the battery and loads while monitoring key parameters such as State of Charge (SoC), voltage, and current. Testing scenarios included both charging and discharging of the battery directly from the solar panel, with data analysis covering energy efficiency calculations, voltage–current graph evaluations, SoC estimation validation, and effectiveness comparison with PWM-based control systems from previous studies. The experimental results show that the USPS achieved an average energy conversion efficiency of 105.07% over 11 hours of testing, with an average charging rate of 14.28 Wh, and optimal performance recorded between 10:00–14:00 at 102.93%. The highest efficiency occurred between 11:00–12:00, with 30.78 Wh of converted energy. Effectiveness analysis demonstrated that the MPPT-based USPS produced 157.02 Wh, which is 37.95% higher compared to the PWM-based system (113.82 Wh), thereby confirming the advantage of MPPT in maximizing solar energy utilization. The battery endurance test began with an initial SoC of 69.33% (151.82 Wh), supported by an additional 157.02 Wh from the solar panel,resulting in a total available energy of 308.84 Wh. The system successfully operated for 11 hours, delivering 299.49 Wh to the load while leaving a reserve of 9.35 Wh (final SoC ≈ 4.27%). This indicates that the USPS can sustain continuous load supply efficiently within a single operating cycle. Furthermore, the BMS effectively controlled charging and discharging processes automatically, preventing voltage and current from exceeding thresholds and protecting the battery from over-discharge. However, limitations in current and voltage sensor accuracy, as well as switching transients, highlight the need for improvements in sensor precision and transient stability to ensure greater system reliability. the integration of MPPT and BMS in a standalone solar power system has been proven to enhance reliability, efficiency, and protection, while also providing a foundation for the development of more adaptive and sustainable USPS technologies. Keywords: Renewable Energy, MPPT P&O, Battery Management System, energy efficiency, standalone solar panel Permintaan energi yang terus meningkat seiring pertumbuhan penduduk dan industrialisasi masih banyak dipenuhi dari energi fosil yang berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Energi Baru Terbarukan (EBT), khususnya energi surya, menjadi salah satu solusi strategis dalam transisi menuju sistem energi bersih dan berkelanjutan. Indonesia memiliki potensi besar pemanfaatan energi surya melalui konversi efek fotovoltaik pada panel surya. Namun, karakteristik keluaran panel surya yang fluktuatif, serta fenomena penurunan tegangan saat beban besar terhubung, memerlukan sistem kontrol yang mampu mengoptimalkan daya yang dihasilkan sekaligus menjaga kestabilan dan keamanan sistem. Penelitian ini berfokus pada perancangan dan pengujian prototipe Unit Solar Power System (USPS) berbasis panel surya mandiri dengan integrasi algoritma Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) metode Perturb and Observe (P&O) serta Battery Management System (BMS). Sistem ini dirancang untuk meningkatkan efisiensi penyaluran energi dari panel surya ke baterai dan beban, sekaligus memantau parameter penting seperti State of Charge (SoC), tegangan, dan arus. Pengujian dilakukan dengan skenario pengisian dan pengosongan baterai secara langsung dari panel surya, serta analisis data meliputi perhitungan efisiensi energi, evaluasi grafik tegangan–arus, validasi estimasi SoC, dan perbandingan efektivitas dengan sistem kontrol PWM dari penelitian terdahulu. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem USPS mampu mencapai efisiensi konversi rata-rata 105,07% selama 11 jam pengujian dengan laju pengisian rata-rata 14,28 Wh, dan kinerja optimal diketahui pada rentang pukul 10.00–14.00 sebesar 102,93%. Efisiensi tertinggi tercatat pada pukul 11.00–12.00 dengan energi terkonversi 30,78 Wh. Analisis efektivitas menunjukkan bahwa USPS berbasis MPPT menghasilkan energi sebesar 157,02 Wh, lebih tinggi 37,95% dibandingkan sistem PWM (113,82 Wh), sehingga menegaskan keunggulan MPPT dalam memaksimalkan energi surya. Pengujian ketahanan baterai diawali pada kondisi SoC 69,33% (151,82 Wh) dengan tambahan suplai energi dari panel sebesar 157,02 Wh, sehingga total energi yang tersedia mencapai 308,84 Wh. Sistem dapat beroperasi selama 11 jam dengan tingkat efisiensi yang baik, ditunjukkan oleh penyaluran energi sebesar 299,49 Wh ke beban dan hanya menyisakan cadangan 9,35 Wh, atau sekitar ±4,27% SoC pada akhir pengujian. Hal ini menunjukkan sistem USPS mampu menjaga keberlangsungan suplai energi beban secara optimal dalam satu siklus pengujian. Adapun, sistem BMS berfungsi efektif dalam mengendalikan proses pengisian dan pengosongan baterai secara otomatis, mencegah tegangan dan arus melebihi ambang batas, serta melindungi baterai dari over-discharge. Namun, keterbatasan pada akurasi sensor arus dan tegangan serta adanya lonjakan saat switching menunjukkan perlunya peningkatan pada aspek stabilitas dan presisi sensor agar sistem lebih andal. Dengan demikian, hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa integrasi MPPT dan BMS pada sistem panel surya mandiri terbukti meningkatkan keandalan, efisiensi, dan perlindungan sistem, sekaligus memberikan landasan pengembangan sistem yang lebih adaptif dan berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Energi Baru Terbarukan, MPPT P&O, Battery Management System, efisiensi energi, panel surya mandiri
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