CAHYADI, HENDRY (2025) RANCANG BANGUN PANEL SINKRONISASI GENERATOR DENGAN JARINGAN PLN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR UNTUK MENDETEKSI GELOMBANG RISING. S1 thesis, Universitas Mercu Buana Jakarta.
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Abstract
Parallel synchronization between a generator and the utility grid (PLN) is a critical process to ensure safe and stable load sharing. In an electrical power system, connecting two power sources in parallel requires the alignment of electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, and phase angle. Errors in this process can lead to circulating currents that may damage equipment and cause disturbances in the system. Therefore, a synchronization panel is needed to automatically and accurately manage and monitor the alignment process between the power sources. The design of the generator synchronization panel with the utility grid utilizes the zero crossing detector method on the rising edge of the waveform. Through this approach, the system can detect the zero point of the sinusoidal waveform on the positive side, indicating that the phase angle between the two sources is within the synchronization limit, which is approximately ±10 degrees. The panel is controlled by a microcontroller that reads electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, and phase angle in real-time and automatically performs the synchronization process once the synchronization conditions are met. After successful synchronization, the system proceeds to the load sharing stage, where current is distributed proportionally between the generator and PLN based on each source’s operational capacity, ensuring that the load is not concentrated on one side and that system stability is maintained. Based on parallel testing between a 5.5kW generator and PLN, when both sources were connected but the generator was still in standby mode, the average power factor recorded was 0.06 with a current of 6 Amperes. This value indicates that the generator was supplying only about ±2.7% of active power. In this condition, the current flowing from the generator is classified as standby current. Subsequently, when the governor setting was increased, the generator’s output current rose and the power factor increased to an average of 0.7. This indicates that the generator was supplying approximately ±75.87% of the load. This shows that the generator began contributing to the active power supply to the PLN grid, in line with the increasing load borne by the generator. Keywords: Synchronization, parallel, load sharing, zero crossing detector, generator set (genset) Sinkronisasi paralel antara generator dan jaringan PLN merupakan proses penting untuk memastikan pembagian beban yang aman dan stabil. Dalam sistem kelistrikan, menghubungkan dua sumber daya listrik secara paralel memerlukan kesesuaian parameter listrik seperti tegangan, frekuensi, dan sudut fasa. Kesalahan dalam proses ini dapat menyebabkan arus sirkulasi yang merusak peralatan dan menimbulkan gangguan pada sistem. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan panel sinkronisasi yang mampu mengatur dan mengawasi proses penyelarasan antar sumber listrik secara otomatis dan akurat. Perancangan panel sinkronisasi generator dengan jaringan PLN ini memanfaatkan metode zero crossing detector pada sisi gelombang naik (rising). Melalui pendekatan ini, sistem mampu mengenali titik nol pada gelombang sinusoidal saat berada pada sisi positif, yang menunjukkan bahwa sudut fasa antara kedua sumber berada dalam batas sinkron, yakni sekitar ±10 derajat. Panel dikendalikan oleh mikrokontroler yang berperan dalam membaca parameter listrik seperti tegangan, frekuensi, dan sudut fasa secara real-time, serta mengatur proses sinkronisasi secara otomatis ketika syarat-syarat sinkron terpenuhi. Setelah sinkronisasi berhasil dilakukan, sistem dapat melanjutkan ke tahap pembagian beban (load sharing) secara proporsional, di mana arus dibagi antara generator dan PLN sesuai kapasitas operasi masing-masing sumber, sehingga beban tidak tertumpu pada satu sisi dan kestabilan sistem tetap terjaga. Berdasarkan pengujian paralel antara genset 5.5kW dan PLN, saat kedua sumber terhubung namun genset masih dalam kondisi standby, tercatat faktor daya rata-rata sebesar 0,06 dengan arus sebesar 6 Ampere. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa genset hanya menyuplai daya aktif sebesar ±2.7%, Pada kondisi ini, arus yang mengalir dari genset tergolong arus siaga. Selanjutnya, ketika posisi governor dinaikkan, arus keluaran genset meningkat dan faktor daya naik hingga rata-rata 0,7. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa genset menyuplai beban sebesar ±75.87%. Hal ini menandakan bahwa genset mulai berkontribusi terhadap suplai daya aktif ke jaringan PLN, seiring dengan bertambahnya beban yang ditanggung genset. Kata Kunci :Sinkronisasi, paralel, load sharing, Zero crossing detector, genset
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